Non-destructive evaluation of internal cracks in glass fiber-reinforced polymers using digital shearing interferometry

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University

Abstract

Shearography is one of the advanced methods of non-destructive techniques based on the interference of laser beams that have been reflected from the surface of the specimen. This method, which has high speed and accuracy, can evaluate the displacement derivative on the sample surface at once. In this paper, the possibility of sub-surface cracks detection with different lengths and angles in composite samples was investigated by shearography method and thermal stimulation system. For this purpose, in composite samples, controlled cracks were created with different lengths and angles. After calibration of the performance of the shearography setup, two heat sources of radiation were used to load samples. Loading quantity, the amount and direction of the shear, the cracks length, and their angles were chosen as the studied parameters. The results of this paper showed that the optimum loading amount plays a more critical role in the quality of the results than shear amount, and this value is related to the materials of the samples. To achieve the best results in crack detection on the selected specimens, optimum thermal loading was obtained between 12 and 15 seconds from in front of the specimen. Also, the optimum shear amount in the composite specimens was estimated at about 0.1 image width recorded by the camera. With the optimized values, all sub-surface cracks were identified.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1] Y. Hung, Applications of digital shearography for testing of composite structures, Composites Part B: Engineering, 30(7) (1999) 765-773.
[2] R. Růžek, R. Lohonka, J. Jironč, Ultrasonic C-Scan and shearography NDI techniques evaluation of impact defects identification, NDT & E International, 39(2) (2006) 132-142.
[3] T. Clyne, D. Hull, An introduction to composite materials, Cambridge university press, 2019.
[4] Y. Hung, H. Ho, Shearography: An optical measurement technique and applications, Materials science and engineering: R: Reports, 49(3) (2005) 61-87.
[5] D. Francis, S. James, R. Tatam, Surface strain measurement of rotating objects using pulsed laser shearography with coherent fibre-optic imaging bundles, Measurement Science and Technology, 19(10) (2008) 105301.
[6] R.M. Groves, E. Chehura, W. Li, S.E. Staines, S.W. James, R.P. Tatam, Surface strain measurement: a comparison of speckle shearing interferometry and optical fibre Bragg gratings with resistance foil strain gauges, Measurement Science and Technology, 18(5) (2007) 1175.
[7] R.M. Groves, S.W. James, R.P. Tatam, Full surface strain measurement using shearography, in:  Optical Diagnostics for Fluids, Solids, and Combustion, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2001, pp. 142-152.
[8] H. Asemani, N. Soltani, The Effectiveness of Laser Shearography for the Inspection of Wall Thinning in a Large Aluminum Plate, Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 38(2) (2019) 56.
[9] M. Barmouz, A.H. Behravesh, F. Reshadi, N. Soltani, Assessment of defect detection in wood–plastic composites via shearography method, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 29(1) (2016) 28-36.
[10] B. Liu, X. Guo, G. Qi, D. Zhang, Quality evaluation of rubber-to-metal bonded structures based on shearography, Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, 58(7) (2015) 1-8.
[11] Y. Zhang, T. Li, Q. Li, Defect detection for tire laser shearography image using curvelet transform based edge detector, Optics & Laser Technology, 47 (2013) 64-71.
[12] R. Groves, B. Pradarutti, E. Kouloumpi, W. Osten, G. Notni, 2D and 3D non-destructive evaluation of a wooden panel painting using shearography and terahertz imaging, Ndt & E International, 42(6) (2009) 543-549.
[13] N. Sujatha, V. Murukeshan, S. Rajendran, L. Ong, L. Seah, Non-destructive inspection of inner surfaces of technical cavities using digital speckle shearography, Nondestructive testing and evaluation, 20(1) (2005) 25-34.
[14] X. Xie, N. Xu, J. Sun, Y. Wang, L. Yang, Simultaneous measurement of deformation and the first derivative with spatial phase-shift digital shearography, Optics Communications, 286 (2013) 277-281.
[15] S. Liu, L.X. Yang, Regional phase unwrapping method based on fringe estimation and phase map segmentation, Optical Engineering, 46(5) (2007) 1-9, 9.
[16] R.M. Groves, S.W. James, R.P. Tatam, Shape and slope measurement by source displacement in shearography, Optics and lasers in Engineering, 41(4) (2004) 621-634.
[17] Y.M. He, C.J. Tay, H.M. Shang, Digital phase-shifting shearography for slope measurement, Optical Engineering, 38(9) (1999) 1586-1590, 1585.
[18] J.-R. Huang, H. Ford, R. Tatam, Slope measurement by two-wavelength electronic shearography, Optics and lasers in engineering, 27(3) (1997) 321-333.
[19] W. Steinchen, G. Kupfer, P. Mäckel, Full field tensile strain shearography of welded specimens, Strain, 38(1) (2002) 17-26.
[20] D. Akbari, H. Asemani, Analysis of laser interfrometry parameters in the evaluation of defects in the polymer matrix composites, Modares Mechanical Engineering, 17(9) (2017) 372-380. (in Persian)
[21] S. Nakadate, T. Yatagai, H. Saito, Digital speckle-pattern shearing interferometry, Applied Optics, 19(24) (1980) 4241-4246.
[22] M. Mohamadi, D. Akbari, Evaluation of sub-surface cracks in polymer matrix composites with laser interferometric method, International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, 2(3) (2015) 11-23.
[23] D. Akbari, N. Soltani, Investigation of loading parameters in detection of internal cracks of composite material with digital shearography, World Applied Sciences Journal, 21(4) (2013) 526-535.
[24] H. Liu, S. Guo, Y.F. Chen, C.Y. Tan, L. Zhang, Acoustic shearography for crack detection in metallic plates, Smart Materials and Structures, 27(8) (2018) 085018/085011-085010.
[25] R. Pezzoni, R. Krupka, Laser-shearography for non-destructive testing of large-area composite helicopter structures, INSIGHT-WIGSTON THEN NORTHAMPTON-, 43(4) (2001) 244-248.
[26] S.W. Choi, J.H. Lee, Nondestructive evaluation of internal defects for composite materials by using shearography, in:  Key engineering materials, Trans Tech Publ, 2004, pp. 781-786.
[27] Y. Huang, S. Ng, L. Liu, C. Li, Y. Chen, Y. Hung, NDT&E using shearography with impulsive thermal stressing and clustering phase extraction, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 47(7-8) (2009) 774-781.
[28] A. Chehrghani, A. Fotovat, M. Halajian, M. Torkamany, J, S. Nabavi, H, Inspection of metallic samples defects in nondestructive testing by laser shearography with thermal loading, Nondestructive testing techlonogy, 2(2) (2018) 19-25. (in Persian)
[29] D. Akbari, N. Soltani, F. Reshadi, Application of Digital Shearography for Non Destructive Testing of material with Thermal Loading, Modares Mechanical Engineering, 13(4) (2013) 36-45. (in Persian)
[30] D. Akbari, N. Soltani, M. Farahani, Numerical and experimental investigation of defect detection in polymer materials by means of digital shearography with thermal loading, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 227(3) (2013) 430-442.
[31] Z. Liu, J. Gao, H. Xie, P. Wallace, NDT capability of digital shearography for different materials, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 49(12) (2011) 1462-1469.
[32] F. Banakar, D. Akbari, Investigation of Digital Shearography for Defect Detection in Different Materials, Nondestructive testing techlonogy 2(3) (2019) 8-22. (in Persian)
[33] F. Banakar, D. Akbari, Application of Shearography for the crack detection in polymer materials, 27th Annual international conference of Iranian Society of Mechanical Engineering, 27 (2019) 1679-1673. (in Persian)
[34] L. Yang, F. Chen, W. Steinchen, M.Y. Hung, Digital shearography for nondestructive testing: potentials, limitations, and applications, Journal of Holography and Speckle, 1(2) (2004) 69-79.
[35] D. Francis, R. Tatam, R. Groves, Shearography technology and applications: a review, Measurement science and technology, 21(10) (2010) 102001.
[36] Y. Hung, Y.S. Chen, S. Ng, L. Liu, Y. Huang, B. Luk, R. Ip, C. Wu, P. Chung, Review and comparison of shearography and active thermography for nondestructive evaluation, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 64(5-6) (2009) 73-112.