Investigating the effect of thermal cycles on the recovery of tensile strength in self-healing composites under impact loading

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Larestan, Lar, Iran

2 New Technologies Research Center (NTRC), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Here the healing process of glass/epoxy composites is studied experimentally. The healing agent is composed of ML506 epoxy resin and HA-11 hardener which is charged into microtubes. The microtubes are interleaved between the first and the second and the fifth and the sixth layers. The initial damage is introduced to the samples by drop weight impact tests and the recovery percentage of the tensile strength due to healing process is measured by tensile test. The effects of healing time (without thermal cycles), number of healing units and thermal cycles are investigated on the recovery of the tensile strength. Composite samples containing 8, 16 and 32 healing units are studied in the periods of 1, 6 and 12 days after the initial damage. Also, some damaged samples are set to 1, 3, 5 and 7 thermal cycles and after one day, tensile tests are carried out. The results show that without thermal cycles the healing process is almost completed after 6 days with an 83% recovery. In addition, the maximum amount of tensile strength recovery is equal to 86% which is related to the samples with 32 healing units after 12 days. This amount of healing efficiency can also be achieved by means of 5 thermal cycles. This is also true for thermal cycles where the effect of thermal cycles is tangible up to 5 cycles.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] M. Kessler, N. Sottos, S. White, Self-healing structural composite materials, Composites Part A: applied science and manufacturing, 34(8) (2003) 743-753.
[2] F. Zhang, L. Zhang, M. Yaseen, K. Huang, A review on the self‐healing ability of epoxy polymers, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 138(16) (2021) 50260.
[3] R. Eslami-Farsani, H. Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri, A review on healing and mechanical behaviors of self-healable polymer matrix composites by extrinsic healing methods, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, 6(4) (2020) 549-570.
[4] S. Islam, G. Bhat, Progress and challenges in self-healing composite materials, Materials Advances, 2(6) (2021) 1896-1926.
[5] S. Kadam, S. Chavan, N.J. Kanu, An insight into advance self-healing composites, Materials Research Express, 8(5) (2021) 052001.
[6] M. Mohammadi, R. Eslami-Farsani, H. Khosravi, On the Mechanical Response of Microvascular-based Self-healing E-glass Fiber/epoxy Composites under tensile testing condition, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 49(2) (2019) 323-329.
[7] M.A. Mohammadi, R. Eslami-Farsani, H. Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri, Experimental investigation of the healing properties of the microvascular channels-based self-healing glass fibers/epoxy composites containing the three-part healant, Polymer Testing, 91 (2020) 106862.
[8] H. Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri, R. Eslami-Farsani, Experimental investigation of flexural properties of glass fiber–epoxy self-healable composite structures containing capsulated epoxy healing agent and NiCl2 (imidazole) 4 catalyst, Journal of Industrial Textiles, 51(5) (2021) 788-805.
[9] R.K. Pittala, G. Dhanaraju, B.S. Ben, B.A. Ben, Self-healing of matrix cracking and delamination damage assessment in microcapsules reinforced carbon fibre epoxy composite under flexural loading, Composite Structures, 291 (2022) 115691.
[10] V.V. Shinde, S.D. Shelke, A.D.N. Celestine, B.S. Beckingham, Self‐healing in high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites via embedded non‐toxic solvent‐filled microcapsules, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 139(2) (2022) 51463.
[11] S. Mirzamohammadi, R. Eslami Farsani, H. Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri, Investigating the healing-mechanical behavior of glass fibers/epoxy self-healing composites containing microcapsules and silica nanoparticles under the shear loading, Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, 9(1) (2022) 31-42.
[12] H. Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri, R. Eslami-Farsani, S. Mirzamohammadi, S.A. Chirani, The Simultaneous Effect of Microcapsules and Silica Nanoparticles on the Mechanical-healing Properties of Glass Fibers-Epoxy Smart Composites, Fibers and Polymers, 23(10) (2022) 2907-2915.
[13] H. Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri, R. Eslami-Farsani, S. Mirzamohammadi, The effect of capsulated nanosilica-epoxy healing agents on the self-healing ability of glass fibers-epoxy composites under mechanical loading, Journal of Industrial Textiles, 52 (2022) 15280837221119833.
[14] H. Ebrahimnezhad‐Khaljiri, R. Eslami‐Farsani, S. Mirzamohammadi, Assessment of mechanical and healing behaviors of glass fibers‐epoxy composite containing the microcapsules with the nanocomposite shell, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 140(1) (2023) e53273.
[15] C.M. Dry, Alteration of matrix permeability and associated pore and crack structure by timed release of internal chemicals, Ceramic Transactions, 16 (1991) 729-768.
[16] C.M. Dry, N.R. Sottos, Passive smart self-repair in polymer matrix composite materials, in:  Smart Structures and Materials 1993: Smart Materials, SPIE, 1993, pp. 438-444.
[17] C. Dry, Procedures developed for self-repair of polymer matrix composite materials, Composite structures, 35(3) (1996) 263-269.
[18] M. Motuku, U. Vaidya, G. Janowski, Parametric studies on self-repairing approaches for resin infused composites subjected to low velocity impact, Smart Materials and Structures, 8(5) (1999) 623.
[19] S. Bleay, C. Loader, V. Hawyes, L. Humberstone, P. Curtis, A smart repair system for polymer matrix composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 32(12) (2001) 1767-1776.
[20] J.W. Pang, I.P. Bond, A hollow fibre reinforced polymer composite encompassing self-healing and enhanced damage visibility, Composites Science and Technology, 65(11-12) (2005) 1791-1799.
[21] R. Trask, I. Bond, Biomimetic self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass fibres, Smart Materials and Structures, 15(3) (2006) 704.
[22] R. Trask, G. Williams, I. Bond, Bioinspired self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass fibres, Journal of the royal society Interface, 4(13) (2007) 363-371.
[23] A. Kousourakis, A. Mouritz, The effect of self-healing hollow fibres on the mechanical properties of polymer composites, Smart Materials and Structures, 19(8) (2010) 085021.
[24] S. Zainuddin, T. Arefin, A. Fahim, M. Hosur, J. Tyson, A. Kumar, J. Trovillion, S. Jeelani, Recovery and improvement in low-velocity impact properties of e-glass/epoxy composites through novel self-healing technique, Composite Structures, 108 (2014) 277-286.
[25] R. Eslami-Farsani, A. Sari, H. Khosravi, Mechanical properties of carbon fibers/epoxy composite containing anhydride self-healing material under transverse loading, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, 3(3) (2016) 285-290.
[26] A. Sari, R. Eslami Farsani, M.R. Zamani, An experimental investigation on the tensile behavior of epoxy/carbon fibers composites containing anhydride self-healing material, Modares Mechanical Engineering, 17(3) (2017) 336-342.
[27] H. Eftekhari, R. Eslami-Farsani, S.M.R. Khalili, H. Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri, Optimizing the self- healing behavior of hollow glass fibers reinforced epoxy matrix composite, Modares Mechanical Engineering, 17(8) (2017) 182-190.
[28] S.M.R. Khalili, M. Zarei, R. Eslami-Farsani, M.R. Zamani, Experiment study of tensile behavior of self-healing polymer composite under heating cycles, Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, 5(2) (2018) 18-25.
[29] S.M.R. Khalili, M. Zarei, R. Eslami-Farsani, Experimental Study of the mechanical behavior of self-healing polymer composite under heating cycles, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, 6(2) (2019) 183-189.
[30] N. Jalalian Mirzapour, m. Yarmohammad Tooski, Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Behavior of Composite Sandwich Panel Using Self-healing Materials under CHARPY impact and 3-point Bending Destruction, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, 4(4) (2018) 434-442.
[31] A. Adli, K. Shelesh-Nezhad, M. Khoshravan Azar, M. Mohammadi-Aghdam, The effect of vascular self-healing pattern on mechanical behaviour and healing performance of epoxy/glass composite, Plastics, Rubber and Composites, 49(2) (2020) 79-90.
[32] A. Adli, K. Shelesh-Nezhad, M.R. Khoshravan Azar, M. Mohammadi-Aghdam, The Effect of Vascular Self-Healing Orientation on Healing Efficiency of Epoxy/Glass Fiber Composite, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, 7(1) (2020) 723-730.
[33] A. Adli, K. Shelesh-Nezhad, M.R. Khoshravan Azar, M. Mohammadi-Aghdam, Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Effect of Hollow Glass Fiber Presence and Orientation on the Tensile Behavior of Epoxy/Glass Fiber Composite, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, 7(2) (2020) 881-890.
[34] P. Kshirsagar, C.S. Jarali, S. Raja, Investigation on Flexural and Impact Strength of Hollow Glass Fabric and E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Self-Healing Polymer Composites, Composites: Mechanics, Computations, Applications: An International Journal, 13(4)  41-56.
[35] M. Aliha, R.M. HEIDARI, M. Shokrieh, M. Ayatollahi, Determination of tensile strength and crack growth of a typical polymer concrete using circular disc samples,  (2012).
[36] B.J. Blaiszik, S.L. Kramer, S.C. Olugebefola, J.S. Moore, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, Self-healing polymers and composites, Annual review of materials research, 40(1) (2010) 179-211.
Amirkabir Journal of Mechanical Engineering
Volume 55, Issue 2
May 2023
Pages 159-178

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics